Turkey Religion Essays - Islam, Religion, Sharia, Islam In Turkey

Turkey Religion Religion Islam is a monotheistic religion practiced by Muslims. They believe that Allah gave revelations to the Prophet Muhammed through the Angel Gabriel around A.D. 600. Jesus Christ and the prophets of the New Testament are accepted as Islamic precepts. During their rule of the Ottoman Empire, Islamic laws dictated the way of life for the Turks. In 1924 with the new republic government, Islamic Law was abolished as a state religion. The government removed religion from public policy and restricted it exclusively to personal faith. This led to the abolishment of the religion's hierarchy and the closing and confiscation of the lodges, meeting places and monasteries as well as outlawing their rituals and meetings. The government restricted religious public attire for men and women as well as trying to substitute Turkish words for Arabic words of Islamic origin. This was a swift and harsh attempt at change. During the 1940's there was a relaxation of some political controls and by the 1950's people wanted to return to traditional religious practice. In fact starting in the 1950's religious education was made compulsory in secondary schools and in 1982 it was extended to primary schools as well. A lot of the controversy that followed was found in the universities. Female students committed to Islam began to cover their heads and necks with scarves and long overcoats. This lead to the regulations in 1987, forbid female students to cover their heads in class. Protests by other religious students and professors overturned the dress code in the 1990's. Today, a Turkish woman's dress has become the center of much debate. (Bollag,B., January 8, 1999). The Muslim religion accounts for 99% of the population in Turkey. Non-Muslim's religions include: Christians, Protestants and Jews. The members of these religions usually reside in a single area and are very small in number.

Free Essays on Blindness In “Araby“

Numerous references to blindness appear throughout James Joyce’s â€Å"Araby.† Joyce makes no effort to hide these frequent and overt implications. By strategically placing a just few colorful adjectives and phrases, he successfully points the reader toward the underlying meaning of the story. The uses of â€Å"blind† and the implications of â€Å"blindness† take many forms and meanings. Joyce utilizes many of the denotations and connotations of the word to accomplish his theme of â€Å"blindness.† Joyce immediately suggests the central theme of â€Å"Araby† by using the word â€Å"blind† twice in the first paragraph. Describing North Richmond Street as blind, he uses the adjective to illustrate the road as closed at one end. Figuratively, it suggests that the people of the neighborhood lack the ability and foresight to progress. Stark and decrepit, the community has reached a proverbial dead end and seems destined to remain in its desolate state. Residents do not search for a better lifestyle or attempt to escape their miserable reality, because they contently endure it. During the sixth paragraph of the piece, Joyce writes, â€Å"I was thankful that I could see so little. All my senses seemed to desire to veil themselves.† Blindness, in this instance, expresses how the narrator does not want to perceive or understand his surroundings. Desiring to eclipse the depressing aspects of his life, he focuses on one comforting hope, Mangan’s sister. This fixation is conveyed in the sixteenth paragraph, â€Å"I may have stood there for an hour, seeing nothing but the brown-clad figure cast by my imagination.† He deliberately blocks out the overwhelmingly grim parts of his life, because he cannot fear what he remains unaware of. By concentrating on Mangan’s sister, the narrator can dream and have faith in something that prevents him from falling into the depressing realization of reality. Many references to darkness represent t... Free Essays on Blindness In â€Å"Arabyâ€Å" Free Essays on Blindness In â€Å"Arabyâ€Å" Numerous references to blindness appear throughout James Joyce’s â€Å"Araby.† Joyce makes no effort to hide these frequent and overt implications. By strategically placing a just few colorful adjectives and phrases, he successfully points the reader toward the underlying meaning of the story. The uses of â€Å"blind† and the implications of â€Å"blindness† take many forms and meanings. Joyce utilizes many of the denotations and connotations of the word to accomplish his theme of â€Å"blindness.† Joyce immediately suggests the central theme of â€Å"Araby† by using the word â€Å"blind† twice in the first paragraph. Describing North Richmond Street as blind, he uses the adjective to illustrate the road as closed at one end. Figuratively, it suggests that the people of the neighborhood lack the ability and foresight to progress. Stark and decrepit, the community has reached a proverbial dead end and seems destined to remain in its desolate state. Residents do not search for a better lifestyle or attempt to escape their miserable reality, because they contently endure it. During the sixth paragraph of the piece, Joyce writes, â€Å"I was thankful that I could see so little. All my senses seemed to desire to veil themselves.† Blindness, in this instance, expresses how the narrator does not want to perceive or understand his surroundings. Desiring to eclipse the depressing aspects of his life, he focuses on one comforting hope, Mangan’s sister. This fixation is conveyed in the sixteenth paragraph, â€Å"I may have stood there for an hour, seeing nothing but the brown-clad figure cast by my imagination.† He deliberately blocks out the overwhelmingly grim parts of his life, because he cannot fear what he remains unaware of. By concentrating on Mangan’s sister, the narrator can dream and have faith in something that prevents him from falling into the depressing realization of reality. Many references to darkness represent t...

Compare the use of studio sets to location filming in the depiction of Essay

Compare the use of studio sets to location filming in the depiction of the city and city life in film Rear Window (1952) and i - Essay Example Staging depends a lot on the scope of the movie’s story with respect to area. There are certain movies that move from place to place. There are even movies that move from country to country. For instance, Mission: Impossible - Ghost Protocol, moves from Budapest to Moscow. It further moves from Dubai to India. There are also movies that have such stories that action stays at one place. The recent movie, Carnage, is a good example of that. This essay compares the use of studio sets to location filming in the depiction of the city and city life in relation to two movies in particular i.e. Rear Window (1952) and On the Town (1949). The film, Rear Window, is a masterpiece by Alfred Hitchcock. He has a history of going at great lengths in order to make the audience feel exactly as he wanted it to feel. The plot of the movie is centered mainly in a small area of a neighborhood. The protagonist of the movie, L.B. "Jeff" Jefferies, played by James Stewart, is confined to his apartment as his leg is broken in a racetrack accident. He stays in his apartment and looks at the people in his neighborhood. He casually observes their behaviors as they go about their lives. He is occasionally visited by his girlfriend, Lisa Fremont, played by Grace Kelly. Jeff observes very suspicious behavior of one of his neighbors, Lars Thorwald. He assumes that Thorwald has murdered his wife. All through the movie, Jeff never leaves his apartment except at the end when he has to struggle with Thorwald, and is thrown down his window. As the action of Rear Window is confined to a small area, Hitchcock shot the whole movie on a set which was specifically built for the same. The movie explores the themes of voyeurism and masculinity in crisis. As far as voyeurism is concerned, Hitchcock has used the staging almost perfectly. It is important to note that it is highly unlikely that Hitchcock could have found a real location in which he could have shown what he wanted to show in the movie. He needed a very good vantage point for the protagonist. The movie opens up with a detailed view of the whole scene that the protagonist is able to look at. It is very interesting to notice how the director has crammed various aspects of New York’s urban life of that time in a closed space. In the background of the opening titles of the movie, the audience can see a window shutter moving upwards. Then the camera moves out of the window, and the scene proceeds to a brief view of all the flats and the lawn that can be seen from the window. After showing the protagonist’s sweating head and a high temperature on a thermometer—depicting the sickness—the scene proceeds to show the following: A man shaving and listening to the radio at the same time; The waking up of a couple that has spent the night on the balcony; A young lady changing her bra and preparing breakfast at the same time. Her movement makes it very safe to assume that she is a dancer; The arms of an unseen lady drying clothes out of the window—probably a housekeeper; The broken leg of the protagonist. His broken camera and the pictures of a racetrack accident explaining without words the reason for the protagonist’s condition. The portrait of a lady shows that he has a girlfriend. A deeper analysis shows that the city life, as it is shown in the movie, is very fast. The

Research paper on radiation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

On radiation - Research Paper Example Unstable atoms produce the ionizing radiation. Unstable atoms are the atoms with either excess mass or excess energy or both unlike the stable atoms. The unstable nuclei of the atoms provide them with the radioactive properties. These atoms release excess mass or energy in an attempt to gain stability. It is this excess mass or energy that is called as radiation. High voltage devices like the x-ray machines are used to produce radiation. Measurement of radiation is complicated and involves use of different kinds of units. The amount of the emitted radiation is conventionally measured in the curie (Ci). The SI unit for the measurement of radiation is the Becquerel (Bq). â€Å"These units express the number of disintegrations (or breakdowns in the nucleus of an element) per second as the element tries to reach a stable or nonradioactive state. One Bq is equal to one disintegration per second and one Ci is equal to 37 billion Bq† (Crosta). To measure the amount of radiation absorbed by the tissues in the human body, the SI unit gray (Gy) or the conventional unit Roentgen absorbed dose (rad) is used. Radiation finds multiple uses in the field of medicine. Ways in which radiation is employed in the medical imaging include but are not limited to projectional radiography, fluoroscopy, computed tomography, ultrasound, bone densitometry, medical resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Depending upon the way radiation is generated for the clinical purposes, radiation therapies can be classified into grenz-ray therapy, contact therapy, superficial therapy, deep therapy or orthovoltage therapy, supervoltage therapy, and megavoltage therapy (Khan 35-37). â€Å"Medical uses of radiation, particularly diagnostic X rays, result in the largest average annual effective dose from man-made sources† (Turner 12). Ionizing radiation is used in radiotherapy for the treatment of

Prejudice Definition Essay Example for Free

Prejudice Definition Essay During the process of communication the vast majority of people judge cultural values in their own image and likeness. Their ethnic and cultural values serve as a criterion for judgment. Really, it is slightly confusing but the main reason for watching the foreign programming is to let the viewer ‘feel’ ethnocentrism. Some things or even an overwhelming majority of what you will see in the foreign film of program will feel a bit ‘off’ or even downright ‘wrong’ for an average American. This feeling occurs due to ethnocentrism. The paper examines how such an attitude can have influence on an individual’s behavior and response from another culture, how society wide ethnocentrism can affect relationships and understandings of other societies, and how it can have an adverse impact on business practices for multinational corporations. Japanese version of the foreign film â€Å"Shall We Dance† will be used as an illustration for some aspects of the paper. Ethnocentrism is a psychological reaction, which occurs when a representative of one culture perceives, sees, values and tries to understand other cultures and their behaviors through prism of his own culture. The person considers the elements of his own culture (standards, roles, values, etc) as natural and â€Å"right†, while the elements of other cultures and nations are considered to be unnatural and â€Å"wrong†. The customs and traditions of his own culture are considered to be â€Å"universal† and â€Å"right† as well. The film â€Å"Shall We Dance† by Masayuki Suo tells us the story of Shohei Sugiyama, who falls in love but not in other woman (being married), but in the art of dancing. When we watch the film, we feel the differences between Japanese and American cultures. Japanese culture seems to be very odd, alien and strange, as the world of dance socials and private lessons is considered ‘shameful’ and ‘improper’ for a Japanese person. The film gets insight into Japanese customs and traditions, explaining that in Japan married couples are more reserved in relation to each other and rarely express their emotions in public (e.g. never say ‘I love you’, or hold hands, etc.). The American nation, on contrary, is more emotional and more ‘open’, therefore we feel really odd while watching the movie. The ethnocentrism that occurs in result of watching the foreign programming evidently has an impact on our behavior. Probably, to a certain extent we are unable to understand the behavior of other cultures in a manner different from that one dictated by our own cultural environment. So, how such an attitude can have influence on a person’s behavior and response from another culture and how society wide ethnocentrism can affect relationships and understandings of other societies? As with any social-psychological phenomenon, ethnocentrism cannot be examined as entirely positive or entirely negative. Although ethnocentrism often put obstacles in the way of intergroup (intercultural) communication, it supports positive ethnical identity and keeps the integrity and specificity peculiar to a certain culture. At the same time, ethnocentrism is inevitable part of our live being a logical consequence of socialization and familiarization with another culture and understandings of other societies. The person’s response predominantly occurs in the form of comparison – a peaceful nonidentity. Yet, ethnocentrism can have an adverse impact on business practices for multinational corporations, because it often impedes effective intergroup (interethnic and international) communication (Allport 1954). Interethnic comparison can be expressed in the form of contraposition or setting off (e.g. the people deny intercultural differences; proclaim their culture to be superior; sometimes people perceive cultural differences as something that imposes a threat to their existence and try to withstand them, often resulting in conflicts between different cultures, etc) that, in its turn, implies at least preconception and prejudice in relation to other cultures and has an adverse impact on business practices for multinational corporations. References Allport, G. W. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice. Garden City, NY: Doubleday

Feminism in Herland by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and When It Changed by

Feminism in Herland by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and When It Changed by Joanna Russ During the long history of science fiction, one of the most common themes is the utopia. Many feminists used utopia to convey their ideas. Two of these stories, Herland by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and "When It Changed" by Joanna Russ portray feminist utopias in different ways. Herland shows a society lacking men, and makes this seem positive, while "When It Changed" shows an all-female society that mirrors a world with men. Through their respective stories, the authors are saying that women should be considered equal to men. Gilman points out that women should be accepted because they can survive on their own, while Russ suggests that women can be as strong as men if necessary. Herland is the story of three men that stumble upon a society populated entirely by women. This culture is superior in virtually all ways to the world of the men. The narrator is one of the visiting men, and he is constantly in awe of the perfection. The women of Herland know no poverty, hunger, or evil. This novel was written in a time when the women’s movement was in its earliest stages. This parallels the fact that Herland, and most utopias, are found in distant, isolated locations. Gilman’s portrayal of a utopian feminist society is perfect, without any outwardly apparent flaws. Although her view is exaggerated, she suggests that a society made up of all females would be superior to one with both sexes, and, in saying this, she makes a powerful statement for women’s equality. Bernice Hausman writes, "Gilman’s social Darwinism†¦ rested on the ‘assertion that women, as a collective entity, could, if they chose, be the moving force in the recog nition of society.’" (1... ...e topic; that women deserve to be accepted in society. Russ attempts to show this through the society on Whileaway, where the women survive without men by becoming like men themselves. In contrast, Gilman uses a society of females to show that women were confined by their roles of society, and were capable of much more. Sources used: Clemons, Tammy. "Feminism in Herland: A Utopian Vision of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." Published on www.womenwriters.net Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. Herland. Minola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1998. Hausman, Bernice L. "Sex before gender: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the evolutionary paradigm of utopia." Feminist Studies, Fall 1998 issue. Russ, Joanna. "When It Changed". The Prentice Hall Anthology of Science Fiction and Fantasy. Ed. Garyn G. Roberts. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001. Pg. 946-951.

Futures contract

A formal treatment of this issue is provided by Easily, O'Hara, and Carnivals (1998), who allow the participation of informed traders in the option market to be decided endogenously in an equilibrium framework. In their model, informed investors choose to a â€Å"pooling quill? Trade in both the option and the stock market? In barium†? When the leverage implicit in options is large, when the liquidity in the stock market is low, or when the overall fraction of informed traders is high. Our main empirical result directly tests whether the stock and option market are in he pooling equilibrium of Easily, O'Hara, and Carnivals (1998).Using option trades that are initiated by buyers to open new positions, we form put-call ratios to examine the predictability of option trading for future stock price movements. We find predictability that is strong in both magnitude and statistical significance. For our 1990 through 2001 sample period, stocks with positive option signals (I. E. , tho se with lowest quintile put-call ratios) outperform those with negative option signals (I. E. , those with highest quintile put-call ratios) by over 40 basis points per day and 1% per eek on a risk-adjusted basis.When the stock returns are tracked for several weeks, the level of predictability gradually dies out, indicating that the information contained in the option volume eventually gets incorporated into the underlying stock prices. Although our main empirical result clearly documents that there is informed trading in the option market, it does not necessarily imply that there is any market inefficiency, because the option volume used in not our main test? Which is initiated by buyers to open new positions? Is publicly observable. Indeed, information-based models [e. , Glisten and Milord (1985); Easily, O'Hara, and Carnivals (1998)] imply that prices adjust at once to the public information contained in the trading process but may adjust slowly to the private information possess ed by informed traders. As a result, the predictability captured in our main test may well correspond to the process of stock prices gradually adjusting to the private component of information in option trading. Motivated by the differing theoretical predictions about the speed at which prices adjust to public versus private information, we explore the predictability of publicly errors nonpublic observable option volume. For Journal that 25, example, July 2002,the Wholesaler reported theChicagoBoardOptions was â€Å"unusual activity† options shares Whet, pharmaceuticals investigating trading in Madison, which tactical based increase trading volume earlier NJ, giant superintendence's month. Option occurred before release a government bathe study peptic days American Medical Association documented a heightened abreast risk heart cancer, coronary of the who disease, strokes, bloodspots women had benefiting Whitey's hormone-replacement drug years. Preemptor many 872 innovation De limitation Following previous empirical studies in this area [e. . , Easily, O'Hara, and Carnivals (1998); Chain, Chunk, and Font (2002)], we use the Lee and Ready (1991) algorithm to back out buyer-initiated put and call option volume from publicly observable trade and quote records from the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CUBE). We find that the resulting publicly observable option signals are able to predict stock returns for only the next one or two trade days. Moreover, the stock prices subsequently reverse which raises the question of whether the predictability from the public signal is a manifestation of rice pressure rather than informed trading.In a abbreviate analysis which includes both the public and the nonpublic signals, the nonpublic signal has the same pattern of information-based predict? Ability as when it is used alone, but there is no predictability at all from the public signal. This set of findings underscores the important distinction between public and nonpub lic signals and their respective roles in price discovery. Further, the weak predictability exhibited by the public signal suggests that the economic source of our main result is valuable private information in the option volume rather than an inefficiency across the stock and option market.Central to all information-based models is the roles of informed and uninformed traders. In particular, the concentration of informed traders is a key variable in such models with important implications for the innovativeness of trading volume. Using the PIN variable proposed by Easily, Kefir, and O'Hara (1997) and Easily, Heavier, and O'Hara (2002) as a measure of the prevalence of informed traders, we investigate how the predictability from option volume varies across underlying stocks with efferent concentrations of informed traders.We find a higher level of predictability from the option signals of stocks with a higher prevalence of informed traders. 2 Although the theoretical models define i nformed and uninformed trap? Deer strictly in terms of information sets, we can speculate outside of the models about who the informed and uninformed traders might be. Our data set is unique in that in addition to recording whether the initiator of volume is a buyer or a seller opening or closing a position, it also identifies the investor class of the initiator. We find that option signals from investors who trade through full-service brokerage houses discount brokerage houses.Given that the option volume from felicities brokerages includes that from hedge funds, this result is hardly surprising. It is interesting, however, that the option signals from firm proprietary traders contain no information at all about future stock price † Given stocks PIN smaller could driven the that be stocks, result higher artistically by fact there higher from stocks. Show that is notches. Len this signals smaller predictability option PIN result remains size. Intact controlling after particula r, 73 studies n 3 2006 movements.In the framework of the information-based models, this result suggests market primarily for hedging purposes. Finally, a unique feature of the MultiMate stock and option setting is the availability of securities with differing leverage. Black (1975) asserted that leverage is the key variable which determines whether informed investors choose to trade in the option market, and Easily, O'Hara, and Carnivals (1998) demonstrated that under a natural set of assumptions this is indeed the case. Motivated by these considerations, we investigate how the predictability documented n our main test varies across option con? Races with differing degrees of leverage. We find that option signals constructed from deep out-of-the-money (TOM) options, which are highly leveraged contracts, exhibit the greatest level of predictability, whereas the signals from contracts with low leverage provide very little, if any, predictability. 3 The rest of the article is organized as follows. In Section 1, we synthesize the existing theory literature and empirical findings and develop empirical specifications. We detail the data in Section 2, present the results in Section 3, and conclude in Section . 1.Option Volume and Stock Prices 1. 1 Theory The theoretical motivation for our study is provided by the voluminous literature that addresses the issue of how information gets incorporated into asset prices. In this subsection, we review the theoretical literature with a focus on insights that are directly relevant for our empirical study. In particular, we concentrate on the linkage between information genre? Dated by the trading process and the information on the underlying asset value, the role of public versus private information, and the process of price adjustment. 4The issue of how information gets incorporated into asset prices is central to all information-based models. Although specific modeling approaches differ, information gets incorporated into se curity prices as a result of the trading behavior of informed and uninformed traders. In the sequential trade model of Glisten and Milord (1985),